Under Qajar dynasty, Azerbaijan state was a princedom. It had a small governmental system, similar to Tehran government house (Darol-khalafe), which was a kingdom and was called royal house (Darol-saltaneh). The entourages of the crown prince comprised of other princes or the people possessed high positions in the government. Under the crown princedom of Mozafaredin Mirza, among whom, who processed high positions, Hamze Mirza Heshmatoldoleh, Naseredin Shah’s uncle, and prince Malek Qasem Mirza, the 70th son of FathAli Shah, could be named. Due to being in the neighborhood of the great governments of the time, Russia and Osmani, the capital city of Azerbaijan state, that was Tabriz royal house, had grave importance. Such was this importance that, while in other important cities the foreign countries consuls were employed, in Tabriz general consuls pursuit the benefits of their own countries.A glance at the lives of these privileged high position people, who seated at royal house, as well as other government agents, clarifies the interesting point that they were usually under the debt of foreigner citizens, who resided in Azerbaijan. They borrowed money from them, gave them the receipt and, as they were unable to pay their debt back on due time, the discount rate would add to the amount of the money they had borrowed and would increase their debt. It’s also notable that, in the case that the obligor high position person died or was called to some other city, according to the treaties the government had concluded with those countries, the tax office (divankhane), which was responsible to gather the taxes and to manage the country budget and financial affairs, was obliged to pay back the debts to foreigner citizens.Following, I have presented three documents belonging to those days, so that the readers can judge for themselves.

The ancient region of Makran is located in the southeast of the Iranian plateau and on the northern shores of the Makran Sea, whose borders stretch from Pars and Kerman in the west to Sindh in the east. This vast area was limited to Khorasan and historical Sistan from the nort This region has a valuable history of several thousand years and civilization and a special geographical location. The South Sea of Iran has been called the "Sea of Makran" for centuries due to its proximity to the land of Makran and has played an important role in the events in the south and southeast of Iran and its ports have long had a privileged commercial position. The passage of merchant ships and caravans carrying goods from India, China, Yemen, the Red Sea, and the east coast of Africa to the eastern regions made it one of the busiest areas for maritime and land trade. Makran cities such as the port of Tiz Faraj, Bampur, Cage, etc. were considered as important anchorages and rest areas of these roads. In this article, an attempt is made to examine the historical background of the Makran Sea using historical and geographical sources, and the reason for changing the historical and Iranian name "Makran" to "Oman" after centuries, along with the role of British colonialism in this change. Investigate and find out why, since the opening of the colonial powers to all parts of the world, including Central Asia, many countries have changed their names and historical and geographical declarations with direct intervention, and the historical name "Makran Sea" has been removed from new historical and geographical documents. And instead the nameless and unprecedented name was "Sea of Oman".

Apostasy is a matter that affects people’s lives. In most the apostate is sentenced to death. Religious and jurisprudential government of Islamic Republic of Iran from one hand and the opposite views on the other hands add to the importance of this matter. The present article aims at studying and reviewing the quality and the quantity of what has been stated in the historical reports about apostasy and the killing of apostates. The main discussion is about the time of prophetic mission and the Holy Prophet’s practice as the Muslims’ major jurisprudential source. The article concludes that according to historical reports the execution of the people who were accused of apostasy is not clear and the order to kill them was given by the Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) was for other reasons. In addition, it seems that in a number of cases the murder of the apostates was influenced by the atmosphere at the time of the first caliph and the Raddeh wars in the Early Islam that many Muslims were killed on charges of conversion.

The relationship between Historical Sociology (HS) and International Relations (IR) is one of the relatively new fields of study, which has attracted the attention of researchers and activists of both fields during the last few decades. In other words, the impact of the international environment on internal developments is the basis for the emergence of this field of study with general titles such as International Historical Sociology (IHS) or Historical Sociology of International Relations (HSIR) during the first years or decade of the current century. The theoretical research on the book “Global Historical Sociology” (GHS), raises the question of whether it is possible to know global historical sociology as a conjuncture point between the mentioned fields of study. The authors of the book criticized this tenet as a transdisciplinary branch that includes three areas: World Sociology, Historical Sociology, and World History. The studies carried out show that ambiguity in the possibility of methodological integration of the fields of sociology and history on the one hand and neglecting the position of the state in global transformations or its overlapping with the newly emerging field of Global Studies causes the current deficiencies in the content and methodological coherence of the book. However, the mentioned attitude can be more carefully considered and developed in the future. In this article, it will be tried to express the strengths and weaknesses of this work with a critical view.

This research article examines legal discrimination against children born out of wedlock in Iran. Despite laws promoting equality, societal attitudes influenced by beliefs continue to result in discrimination. The study explores the reconciliation of religious beliefs with legal frameworks and the changes made to the Iranian legal system in response to positive human rights developments. The Article seeks to bridge the research gaps by comparing the experiences of Iranian children with those in other countries affected by Islamic law. The study employs library sources and descriptive and historical research methods to examine the legal status of children born outside of marriage, both nationally and internationally, and the discrimination they face. The Article is structured into four distinct sections: an analysis of Islamic Law, a review of the Iranian legal system, an assessment of Iran's compliance with international conventions, and a discourse on the necessity of substantial positive change. The Article ultimately recommends the eradication of discrimination through heightened awareness and the advancement of inclusivity for all children, irrespective of their lineage. In summary, this research Article aims to shed light on legal challenges faced by children born outside of marriage in Iran, with the goal of promoting positive changes in their treatment.

Historical Tabriz holds a rich architectural and urban legacy from the time it was the political capital of Ilkhanid, Turkmen Qoyunlu, and Safavid powers, of which only traces remain today over the course of historical events. The Saheb-abad square and complex which was among the earliest examples of urban open spaces of Iran dates back to the Mogul Ilkhanid era, of which only some deteriorated buildings remain and an altered name (Saheb al-Amr). Therefore, it is important to research the historical background and glory of this complex in order to preserve its past identity and improve historical continuity. In order to find answers to the research question which is about the physical and functional structures of the Saheb-abad square and complex from the very beginning of its creation (Ilkhanid period) to the height of its glory (Safavid period), the developments of this complex were studied and analyzed step by step using historical texts and sources such as written and illustrated documents. The content analysis research method was used with an interpretive-historical strategy. The results indicate a step-by-step design (not a predetermined design) affected by political/governmental forces (choosing Tabriz as the capital) at the early stages, and by natural events and historical wars through the rest of its history. The height of its physical and functional grandeur was during the reign of the Safavid monarch Shah Tahmasb.

AbstractRecognition of the historical cities in different periods recounts the history of Iranian-Islamic civilization that access to such information requires studying the structure of their architecture and urbanization. The historical city of Soltaniyeh, as the third capital of the Ilkhanate, was one of the most important political and economic centers of its time, and today only the boundaries of the monuments of the old city can be identified. Aiming to create the right context for recreation and protection of the remains of Soltaniyeh, this study identifies the spatial structure of this city, which is one of the most basic proceedings for its optimal expansion. According to the mentioned necessity, the present article, using analytical-comparative study, attempts to present the assumptive plan of the spatial structure of Soltaniyeh city by investigating historical documents, in particular, Matrakci Miniature. The results of the study, implicates to a premeditated and predesigned plan which include three parts: ancient fort, middle citadel, or downtwon, and Rabaz, each of which has a definite architectural and urbanization component. Throughout history, urban elements, which mentioned more than others in the documents, have faced the least amount of damage to date (like the Oljeitu Tomb with 46.66% repetition in resources), or it was possible to identify their exact location (like the city’s middle tower and battlement with 40% repetition in resources), and they are still visible today. Urban elements that have the least repetition rate (6.66%) or they are indexed only in one document, have no precise location in the assumptive plan. Other urban elements which have been repeated in more than one historical document (With percentages between 6.66% and 40%), due to the availability of analytical-comparative study conditions, are located in the assumptive plan and it seems possible that they can be recreated in the current situation with the help of experts.Keywords: Soltaniyeh City, Urban Structure, Matrakci Miniature, Assumptive Plan. IntroductionThe requirement of utilizing previous architectural and urbanization experiences and today and tomorrow’s relations, doubles the necessity of recognizing historical cities. Meanwhile, we can mention Soltaniyeh city, which contains the remains of the Ilkhanate capital and today, most of the city’s buildings are buried, but their ranges can be recognized. At first glance, the discussion of urbanization and civil activities during the domination of the Mongol Ilkhanate (654-750 AH) seems strange because everyone considers the Mongol people as anti-civilization and anti-urban people who have been Bedouin(nomad), shepherds and avoiding living in urban. In their view, urbanization had caused weakness, and its luxuries could weaken their morale. However, over time, following the change in the lifestyle of the Mongols, urbanization evolved from city-oasis to city-pastureland (Blair, 1986: 139). The development of cities centered on large-scale buildings, in the form of cities and towns, was largely in line with the Ilkhanate government’s policies. The Mongol Ilkhanate first chose Maragheh and next Tabriz as their capital, and then the idea of creating a city that symbolizes the empire of these nomads encouraged them to build Soltaniyeh. Due to the necessity of recognizing the characteristics of historical cities, especially the importance of Soltaniyeh city, research purposes in response to this question that “How is the spatial structure of the Soltaniyeh city based on the teachings of architecture and urbanization mentioned in historical documents?” are compiled as follows. The main purpose of the research: the present research will be to guess the physical structure of Soltaniyeh city by matching historical texts and visual documents and to present an assumptive plan of it at the peak of its glory.Secondary purpose of the research: In order to achieve the main goal and recreate the assumptive plan at the peak of the glory of Soltaniyeh city, the functions, uses, architectural and urbanization teachings of Soltaniyeh city will be extracted. Formation of the Soltaniyeh city in the Ilkhanate period - before OljeituHistorical texts have attributed the foundation of the footstone of Soltaniyeh building in 680 AH to Arghun Khan (683-690 AH), which was developed, expanded, and completed by his son Oljeitu (703-716 AH). Hamdollah Mostofi considers the initial battlement of the city to be 12,000 steps (about 8640 meters). Expansion of the Soltaniyeh city in the Ilkhanate period –at the age of Oljeitu The order of preparation of the Soltaniyeh city’s map was issued by Oljeitu. According to historical texts and the discoveries of archeological excavations, this city has three main parts:• The first and inner part of the city, including the king’s dormitory or according to the common term of Ilkhanate cities, has been an ancient fort city with a battlement of 2,000 steps (approximately 1440 meters of battlement), which is assumed to be square, the dimensions of each side is about 360 meters.• The second part of the city, the area within the 12,000-step battlement (approximately 8,640 meters of battlement environment), dates back to the age of Arghun, with dimensions of about 2160 meters on each side, and most likely included the central part of the city. Most of the constructions in this period were located within the mentioned battlement.• The third and outer part of the city was located inside the battlement of 30,000 steps (approximately 21,600 meters), which Oljeitu ordered to be built; however, due to his death, the battlement remained incomplete. It can be calculated that its dimensions are 5400 x 5400 meters and the width was between 3 and 5 meters Reading the Matrakciminiature from Soltaniyeh cityMatrakci miniature (Drawn in 943 AH) provides significant information about the structure of the middle part of the city and the relevant buildings, which were drawn to the south-north. According to the miniature information and their accordance with historical texts, they have been identified in the inner battlement or ancient fort, threshold, the porch of Abu Sa’id, forum (courthouse), and Behesht mansion (the royal palace). In the middle part of the city, the tombs of Oljeitu, the complexes of Ggreatness pathways (Abvab-al-ber), the Grand Mosque, the bazaar, the residential districts, and the streets have been identified and located in the assumptive plan. In the following, the assumptive design of the structure of Soltaniyeh city, which is the result of the accordance of historical texts and miniature data, is presented.The third and outer part of the city was located inside the battlement of 30,000 steps (approximately 21,600 meters), which Oljeitu ordered to be built; however, due to his death, the battlement remained incomplete. It can be calculated that its dimensions are 5400 x 5400 meters and the width was between 3 and 5 meters.  ConclusionSoltaniyeh city’s Space Organization is based on a pre-designed plan, built-in three parts in a checkered and regular manner:• The outer part or “Rabaz”, which includes a battlement of about 21600 meters and twelve towers around it.• The middle part or “downtown” with a fence of about 8640 meters and sixteen towers around it• The inner part, “ancient fort” or “Royal Citadel” is about 1440 meters According to the information of Table 4, the urban elements that have had the most repetition in the documents have faced the least damage to date (like the tomb of Oljeitu and the tomb of Chalabi oghlou), or it was possible to identify their precise location (such as the tower and the middle battlement of the city). Elements that had repeated the least in historical documents and could not be studied; they do not have a precise location in the presented assumptive plan. Other urban elements that have been repeated in more than one historical document are located in the assumptive plan, and it seems possible to recreate them in the current situation.

Systematic and documented knowledge regarding the names and identities of architects in Shiraz during the pre-modern era remains limited, despite a significant portion of the city’s historical fabric dating back to the Qajar period. The aim of this study is to introduce one of the unknown architects of Qajar-era Shiraz, Muhammad Esma’il, through inscriptions and letters preserved in archives, and to identify his role and position (stage) based on the analysis of these documents. The research is interpretive-historical, relying primarily on documents preserved in archival sources. Supplementary data for identifying other individuals mentioned in these documents has been obtained from library resources. Accordingly, the following questions are posed: What role and status did Muhammad Esma’il hold in the society of his time? In which inscriptions on historical buildings in Shiraz is his name recorded? And what kind of social structure do these documents reflect in relation to the concepts of ‘power’ and ‘agents’? The research findings include four documents dated between 1184 and 1912, which collectively indicate that ‘Muhammad Esma’il Mi’mār,’ the architect of the Takyeh or tomb of the Qavām family, was one of the experienced and trusted members of the architectural guild of Shiraz and had assumed at least three roles: ‘constructor of a building,’ ‘experienced architect in evaluating and estimating a building,’ and ‘one of the city residents.’ These documents offer insights into aspects of his professional and family life. Notably, two different seal imprints of his, as well as a seal imprint of his son, ‘Muhammad Kāzem,’ appear in these documents, each used in a distinct context. His collaboration with ‘Ustād Āqā,’ another architect from Shiraz, is also evidenced in these correspondences. Although the title ‘Ustād [Master]’ is not used for Muhammad Esma’il in any of the documents, the findings suggest that he held a distinguished position and was a trusted agent in the champ of power within the city structure.